The Effects Of Immigration On The United States - 847 Words

Especially in light of the recent refugee crisis, there has been an influx of anti-immigration rhetoric, most of which identifies immigrants and refugees as criminal. This has brought to light an ongoing debate: is there a crime-immigration nexus? This paper will explore data from various studies that have examined not only a negative relationship between crime rates and immigration, but also evidence of protective and generational effects of immigration. Arguing that immigration reduces crime rates rather than increases it, it will then examine the various theories that seek to explain this phenomenon. Many scholars are of the opinion that rather than a crime-immigration nexus, there is instead a paradox. This refers to the idea that many theories of crime causation, when extended to immigrant populations should result in there being higher crime rates; however, the opposite has been found empirically. This is true even though immigrants tend to be young, male, and poorly educated, which are characteristics generally linked to criminal populations (Butcher Piehl, 1998). Furthermore, this negative linear relationship is found when gender, age, socioeconomic status, and ethnic origin are controlled for (Systma, 2016). The idea of immigration causing higher crime rates has also been refuted by empirical evidence. Proponents of this idea usually point to social disorganization theory, or strain theory. The former identifies a number of factors that lead to higher crimeShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Immigration On The United States1434 Words   |  6 PagesAlthough, there are many different approaches in viewing the immigration reform in the United States. Immigration can be seen as a much more complex issue than just what meets the human eye. Most immigrants do not cross the border solely because they are looking to break the law, they do so because they are attempting to seek better opportunities and lifestyle for themselves and their families. There is a stro ng concern in the United States that immigrants will replace American workers and reduce ourRead MoreImmigration Effects On United States1943 Words   |  8 PagesChauntel Clay Professor Kuzmack 12/7/2014 Research Paper Immigration Effects on United States Immigration has been a topic of discussion since the beginning of time. The question to let immigrants in or not to. Even till this day President Obama is still facing the immigration problems and whether to reform it or not. That should not be the problems since our country was started with Immigrants. The only people who were here were the Native Americans. So is it fair to say that we should not keepRead MoreThe Effects Of Immigration On The United States Essay799 Words   |  4 Pagesyears, a lot has been spoken and researched about immigration. The goods are moving in out of the countries more freely as globalization has taken its stand. Not only goods, but people also move about more freely than before. Effects of immigration Immigration can have some positive impacts as well as some negative ones. Both the hosts and originals are affected by it. The countries which are industrialized in Western Europe or the United states are usually more of the recipient ones. The followingRead MoreThe Effects Of Immigration On The United States751 Words   |  4 Pagesbecause they think a large number of immigrants will lead to a terrible effect on local residents. Based on this point, some countries adopted some strategies to limit migration. They reduced some benefits and increased the difficulty to immigrants. Even some governments such as Japan government refuse to people to immigrate. Even though immigrants bring some benefits, governments are still afraid of the negative impact of immigration on the following three aspects: local market, wages and social stabilityRead MoreThe Effects Of Immigration On The United States887 Words   |  4 PagesThe number of immigrants, legal or illegal, living in the United States has fluctuated over the years, but it does not hide the fact that the American Dream still acts as a beacon to foreigners. People believe coming to America is the key to a better life. With the overflow of our new neighbors, we transform from a single society into a mixture of several cultures. Immigration is causing America to become a tossed salad society (a society in which ethnic and racial groups maintain separate identitiesRead MoreThe Effects Of Immigration On The United States752 Words   |  4 Pagesbecause they think a large number of immigrants will lead to a terrible effect on local residents. Based on this point, some countries adopted some strategies to limit migration. They reduced some benefits and increased the difficulty to immigrants. Even some governments such as Japan government refuse to people to immigrate. Even though immigrants bring some benefits, governments are still afraid of the negative impact of immigration on the following three aspects: local market, wages and social stabilityRead MoreThe Effects Of Immigration On The United States1006 Words   |  5 Pagesimmigrants claim that the government has become stricter on immigration. Some claim they have experience discrimination due t o the attacks. The public developed a negative attitude about influence in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks. A survery reveilved that half of Americans said tighter immigration policy would do a great deal to enhance U.S. national security. Harvard political scientist Samuel P. Huntington argued that if massive immigration were to continue from Latin America, especially MexicoRead MoreThe Effects Of Mexican Immigration On The United States1252 Words   |  6 PagesRUNNING HEAD: IMMIGRATION POLICY Immigration Policy in the United States: The Effects of Immigration on the Legal, Native Workforce Christopher R. Surfus, MBA, MPA Western Michigan University School of Public Affairs and Administration PADM-6840 Management of Public Financial Resources Professor Robert Peters, Ph.D. December 3, 2015 Immigration Policy in the United States: The Effects of Mexican Immigration on the Legal Workforce ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION ImmigrationRead MoreThe Effects Of Immigration On The United States888 Words   |  4 Pages Immigration can be defined as: the movement from one country to another country. Immigration had two major impacts on the US: on the labor market and especially on the politics of race. The black rebellions of the 1960s created a political crisis for the government of US on the adequate response to black rebellions. Daniel Patrick Moynihan and President Johnson proposed two different policies to resolve black poverty. Moynihan’s reason as to why black poverty exists is due to the pathology ofRead MoreIllegal Immigration And Its Effects On The United States1327 Words   |  6 PagesChris Boyd Professor Green September 17th, 2015 English 1A Illegal Immigration and its Effects on the United States One of the biggest issues facing the United States is the issue of illegal immigration. Recently, this topic has been heavily discussed in the presidential debates thanks to candidate Donald Trump, but exactly what is illegal immigration and how is it effecting us as citizens of the US? There are many aspects to this issue ranging from an economic standpoint to a moral standpoint so

Medicine And Control Of Drugs - 886 Words

Medicine and Control â€Å"100 people die from drug overdoses every day in the United States.†(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, December 12, 2011) this statistic is decently high, as it means that for every one hundred thousand people in the United States, about twelve die per day due to high doses of prescription painkillers. The method for controlling these substances varies from extreme control to very lenient, allowing them to be misused, stolen, and in a rare case prescribed unnecessarily. Usually, the system in place can protect people with good sensibilities, by making the prescriptions require a refill as given by their doctor. However this does not stop all possibilities, and can be a problem if the medications are stolen or lost, causing the patient to lack the drugs in an emergency. The system can be improved upon, with more regular doctor visits, and policy changes to how prescriptions are handled in general. The method by which a prescription medication is acquired currently, is via a doctor request. A patient will visit a medical professional, who will then review the patient’s history and prescribe a medication depending on the ailment, whether it is pain, nausea, or perhaps a lack of ability to focus on the subject at hand. After the initial visit it is up to the patient to request a follow up with the doctor, unless their condition is more serious or requires a stricter schedule. While there are many different prescription drugs abused, the mostShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Medicines On The Pharmaceutical Industry1266 Words   |  6 Pagesreducing margins in the pharmaceutical industry and the demonstration that medicines can be produced locally in a number of countries, the population has massively turned to the illicit market, due to the absence of a pharmaceutical monopoly. In Burkina Faso, the illicit market accounted for 20-25% of the country s peripheral drug sales. In Benin, where the illicit market accounted for 40% of sales, 60 to 80% of the drugs were counterfeit, defects, under and overdosed products. In Guinea too, theRead MoreTypes Of Poor Quality Medicines1456 Words   |  6 PagesTypes of poor quality medicines : Poor quality medicines can be classified into three different man types : substandard , counterfeit and degraded. Substandard medicines â€Å"are genuine medicines produced by legitimate manufacturers that do not meet the quality specifications that the producer says they meet. For example, they may contain less (or more) active ingredient than written on the package. This may not e an intention to cheat, but may be due to problems with the manufacturing process†.(WHORead MorePharmacology: Food and Drug Administration and Prescription Drug837 Words   |  4 PagesPHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION MED 1150 CHAPTER 1- Questions: 1, 2,3,4,7,10,11,13,14,15,16,18 CHAPTER REVIEW PAGE 18-20 QUIZ YOUR SELF 1. Describe the linguistic origin/etiology of the following words * Pharmacology: The study of drugs and the interactions with living tissue. * Origin of Pharmacology: Greek word pharmakon meaning medicine or drug * Drug: Any nonfood chemical substance that affect the mind and body. * Origin of Drug: Dutch word droog meaningRead MoreThe Medicine Of The Pharmacy Profession Essay1297 Words   |  6 PagesThe only expert on drugs , Yes this is true . Pharmacology is the science of looking on drugs , their characteristics ,their structure The pharmacy profession is considered a double-edged , it is linked medical science to chemical sciences , through the use of pharmaceutical products and the effectiveness of security. And the word Pharmacy is not an Arab origin, but a Greek word derived from the Greek language and called Pharmakon that meaning medicine or drug . 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In the rest home, medicines are supplied in a pre-packed manner by the pharmacy for each residents. Medicines signing sheets and medicines are regularly checked by Registered Nurse (RN) on duty to avoid any conflict whileRead MoreQuality Control Over Drugs And Cosmetics Act 1940 Essay1475 Words   |  6 PagesQuality control over drugs Quality control over drugs is made under the provisions of Drugs Cosmetics Act 1940 and the Drugs Cosmetics Rules 1945. The law has been amended from time to time to ensure that uniform standards are maintained throughout India. These amendments have empowered the Central Government to control the manufacture of drugs, to appoint inspectors for taking samples and inspecting manufacturing units and to appoint government analysts. 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Having family in Dominica I always hear how I should drink different varieties of bush tea in order to cure sicknesses. Majority of the islands and other countries use traditional Chinese medicines in order to cur e sicknesses like the common cold the flu and other things. And I they need a major surgeryRead MoreWestern Vs Alternative Medicine : Which Is The Best For You?1355 Words   |  6 Pages Western Vs Alternative Medicine – Which is The Best For You? Imagine this, you’ve just had another visit to your Doctor and been told yet again that your condition hasn’t improved and may even be getting worse. There is nothing they can recommend for you. You’ve had all the tests, they’ve diagnosed your condition but the only thing they can offer you is a drug that may help relieve your symptoms. And possibly only for the short term at that. Having family in Dominica I always hear

Green Retailing A New Paradigm in Supply

Question: Discuss about the Green Retailing for A New Paradigm in Supply. Answer: 1. The Company in focus is Sainsbury Plc. Sainsbury is one of leading supermarket chains in the retail sector of United Kingdom. Management accounting is carried out in a dynamic organization to separate the financial functions from the decision-making functions. Management accounting is crucial for any organization to operate with quality and timelines (Demski 2013). However, in this case, Sainsbury being a retail organization deals in management accounting to cope with the external pressures from stakeholders and other interested groups (Adhikari, Biswas and Avittathur 2016). The importances of management accounting in Sainsbury are given as the following. Sainsbury has an effective management accounting system that provides high quality as well as timely information to the relevant people of the organization. Sainsbury has an effective management accounting system that provides high quality as well as timely information to the relevant people of the organization. Sainsbury keeps a track of its assisting managers in directing and controls the operational activities due to management accounting. Management accounting adds value to the retail organization by measuring the performance of the managers on a timely basis. Sainsbury management performance helps in raising the funds in the most suitable manner (Hope and Fraser 2013). The role of accounting policies has played an embedded decisional sustainability at all levels of management in Sainsbury. The management decision making has helped the organization in underlying motivations for corporate, social and environmental reporting (Epstein and Buhovac 2014). Financial accounting differs from managerial accounting based on the representation of the external and internal environment of the organization respectively. However, financial accounting depends on the company whole and its structure. It provides the information relating to the financial position and financial performance of the company (Taipaleenmki and Ikheimo 2013). On the other hand, managerial accounting, also known by analytical accounting' measures, collects, transmits and processes the information for planning. Moreover, it helps in preparing and analysing budgets for internal reports (Kaplan and Atkinson 2015). 2. Cost accounting is based on the systematic analysis of the recording of expenses to determine the cost of each product or service provided by the organisation. Cost accounting is beneficial for the management to fix prices, economise on costs, and maximise profits (Drury 2013). However, classification of costs will enable to provide effective control over decision-making. The different types of cost classification are: By time (Pre-Determined and Historical) Historical costs are determined when the production of a product is done to verify concerning actual operations. Pre-determined costs are based on the specification of all factors based on estimated costs and standard costs. Nevertheless, standard costs are entered with caution as compared to estimated costs (Kiney and Raiborn 2012). By nature or elements (Material, Labour and Expenses) The material is the substance used for the product. However, material costs can be direct and indirect. The direct material will be the cost of part of finished goods observable to its units like components purchased, primary packing, etc. The indirect material is used in ancillary production assigned to specify the physical units such as oil, stationary material, convenient stores, etc. (Needles and Crosson 2013). Labour cost can be distinguished from direct labour and indirect labour. Direct labour can be defined as the wages to labour whereas indirect labour is the labour employed in carrying out a particular task such as wages of the foreman, supervisors, inspectors, etc. (Drury 2013). Expenses can be of two types- direct expenses on specific cost units like design and drawing, hiring of employment or any tool, fees paid to consultants, etc. and indirect expenses that are not directly allocated to cost centres like rent, taxes, insurance, lighting and heating, depreciation, etc. Figure 1 below will depict the various elements of cost. Figure 1 Various elements of Cost Source: (ICSI 2014) By degree of traceability (Indirect and Direct) Indirect costs also known by common costs are difficult to trace to a single product while direct costs are traceable to a single, or a costing unit is taken for some activity. Indirect costs can be the costs incurred in the powerhouse whereas, regarding the product concerned in the powerhouse, the supervisory salaries and fuel cost are direct costs (Su 2013). Association with the product (Period and Product) Period costs are the costs that are used for running the business like rents, salaries, selling and administrative costs, etc. Product costs, on the other hand, are products that are included in inventory values like direct labour, manufacturing overheads, etc. (Drury 2013) By function (Administrative, Selling, Pre-Production, Manufacturing and Research and Development) An organization performs some functions. However, Table 1 will classify functions of costs. Functional Costs Purpose Administrative Costs Indirect costs are the costs that cover expenditures on formulating policy, controlling the operations and directing the organization. Distribution and Selling Costs They are the costs that are part of the overheads of a production unit. They are variable in terms of sales commissions and fixed regarding transporting articles to local or central storage. Pre-Production Costs The costs incurred of the trial runs for starting up a new product or a factory. Manufacturing Costs Expenditures incurred for the manufacturing division on direct materials, labour, expenses, packing, etc. Research and Development The costs incurred on the new products, process, or insights by experiment and executing results on a commercial basis. Table 1 Functional Costs Source: (ICSI 2014) Association with accounting period (Revenue and Capital) Capital and Revenue are based on the future period and current period respectively. However, costs for the future period are treated as an asset whereas costs on current period are treated as an expense (Damodaran 2012). By controllability (Non-controllable and Controllable) Controllable Cost is the cost that can be controlled by the budget holder whereas uncontrollable cost is not subject to any supervision by the managers (Kaplan and Atkinson 2015). By changes in volume (Variable, Semi-variable and Fixed) Variable costs are those costs that are related directly and proportionately with the output such as direct materials or labour corresponding to the level of outputs whereas semi-variable costs are those that contain both fixed and variable costs like depreciation (Drury 2013). Fixed costs, on the other hand, are the expenses paid by the organization irrespective of any business activity. However, these costs arise with the passage of time like rent, salary, insurance, etc. (Rumble 2012). The fixed, semi-variable and variable cost can be depicted in Figure 2 below. Figure 2 Fixed, Variable and Semi-Variable Costs Source: (ICSI 2014) Costs for decision-making (Opportunity, Differential, Joint, Sunk, Marginal, Uniform, Replacement, Imputed and Common Costs) These costs are important in the management accounting to carry out the course of direction of the organization. Decision Making Costs Purpose Examples Opportunity Costs The loss of another alternative of action when one course is defined. It is often stated as the next best alternative use. Capital invested in plant and machinery cannot be invested in stock market Differential Costs The difference between the alternatives of total costs Alternative decisions and changes in output Joint Costs The two or more products are a result of factors of production. These are costs incurred at the point of separation. Budgeting cooperation between departments Sunk Costs The costs that have already been incurred and cannot be avoided by decision-making Training, hiring bonus, marketing study, etc. Marginal Costs Aggregate of variable costs Prime cost with variable overheads Uniform Costs It is useful in inter-firm comparison. The cost incurred on common procedures and principles. Differences in size of business and organization or differences in methods of production and production facilities Replacement Costs The cost of replacing one asset with other at its current value Majorly used in insurance policies to cover damage to companys assets Imputed Costs The costs that are useful while decision-making to a particular situation Interest generated on internal funds Common Costs The costs that are incurred in more than one job, product or territory. Electrical expenses, transportation and money costs Table 2 Decision-Making Costs Source: (ICSI 2014) 3. Variable Analysis Predetermined Costing is based on the determination of Variances for the evaluation of production performance. The term variances can be defined as the differences between the actual and the predetermined cost for each of the cost incurred element of a particular period. However, the term Variance Analysis can be defined as the process of analyzing variance by subdividing the total variance in a way that management can provide reasons for off-standard performance (Alex 2014). However, in this way, management can correct errors, improve operations, and organize resources more effectively to reduce costs (Mutea 2014). Variable Analysis can be evaluated based on its performance. If the variable performance analysis is, better than standard then it represents "Favourable Variance" otherwise, it represents "Unfavourable Variance" (Drury 2013). However, the variance analysis can be divided into many kinds, but broadly it can be classified into two types namely flexible-budget variance and sales volume variance. Figure 3 can summarise the types of variance analysis. Figure 3 Types of Variance Analysis Source: (Whitecotton, Libby and Phillips 2013) Flexible-budget Variances Flexible-budget variances are the difference between flexible budget amounts estimated and the actual results for the output achieved. Sales-volume Variance Sales-volume variances are the difference between static budget amounts and the flexible budget amounts (Whitecotton, Libby and Phillips 2013). The problems and limitations of variance analysis are mentioned as under. It is an unacceptable method for tax computing and external reporting. The fixed costs are not considered in the analysis. It does not consider the long-run effect where fixed costs can even become variable. The analysis is done at the end of the month, which creates issues for the management team. However, the management needs feedback on a daily basis chiefly in the production area. The other reasons that variance analysis is not located in the accounting records because the management has to sort information like labour routings, bills of material, overtime records, etc. It is based on the standard setting where actual results are compared to arbitrary standards. However, this standard setting can be determined by political bargaining such that the analysis will not yield any useful information (Lanen, Anderson and Maher 2011). Problems faced by Sainsbury The setting of budgets for one year would be an issue because variances should be calculated monthly. However, if consumable products variances are adverse, then cheaper supplies (avoid of organic suppliers) can be instituted for better performance if done on a monthly basis. However, if variances are caused due to external factors then the management can be controlled by motivating the staff to cut the costs (Olson 2011) On the other hand, variance analysis of sales revenue of Sainsbury is showing an increasing trend due to the increased promotional activities (Piercy and Evans 2014). 4. Operating budget is a method of developing financial plans for the organization. In this case, Sainsbury makes its operational budget on a yearly basis. However, annual budgets do not need to be developed for longer periods because they are important to anticipate the cash needs along with the experience with the plan. Nevertheless, operating budget is executed to scrutinize maintenance of salaries, operations, and interest payments (McWatters, and Zimmerman 2015). On the other hand, a detailed projection of income and expenses can be forecasted by sales revenue during a given period where capital outlays excluded because they are long-term costs (Dahlby and Smart 2015). There are three types of operating budgets on a day-today basis. Revenue Budget This budget helps in projecting future sales while identifying the revenues required by the organization. Expense Budget The expense budget recounts the expected expenses during the period of the budget. Three kinds of expense budgets are evaluated on operational budget namely fixed budget, variable budget and discretionary budget (this budget depends on managerial accounting judgement that is not built on certainty principles such as accounting fee and legal fees) (Hofstede 2012). Profit Budget The profit budget accompanies both the revenue and expense budgets instituted into the net and gross profits. The uses of profit budgets not only highlight the resource allocation but also check the sufficiency of expense budgets recounted to estimated revenues. According to the financial performance of the organization, it helps in assigning responsibilities to managers along with controlling activities across units (Kaplan and Atkinson 2015). Benefits of Operating Budgets Projecting Future Expenses The evaluation of past expenses can help in budgeting for the coming year. On the other hand, Sainsbury estimates its last year or last quarter's results to write a new budget. Nevertheless, overestimation of the budget can lead to unnecessary costs. However, to avoid unnecessary costs, the deficiencies in the previous budget can be reallocated with overestimated reserves (Davies and Crawford 2011). Managing Current Expenses It helps in managing current operating expenses like cost of office supplies, areas of savings that can be reduced from the total budget. However, fixed overhead costs like salaries and office rent cannot be trimmed as they are the beginning point of budgets. Nevertheless, the fixed overhead costs can only be reduced based on decreasing the staff number or working hours (Drury 2013). Building Reserves An operating budget can help in reducing debt as the projected budget is made. However, a successful operating budget will help in saving, investing, and planning for unforeseen circumstances. Nevertheless, temporary setbacks can be reduced when budget assumes to keep some cash reserves (Carpenter 2013). Accountability A well-written operating budget establishes financial accountability rather than haphazard spending or losing the aim of the goals. However, Sainsbury follows the operating budget to meet its goals by ongoing involvement (Hill and Hill 2012). References Adhikari, A., Biswas, I. and Avittathur, B., 2016. Green Retailing: A New Paradigm in Supply.Handbook of Research on Strategic Supply Chain Management in the Retail Industry, p.290. Alex, K., 2012.Cost Accounting. Pearson Education India. Carpenter, T., 2013. 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A Study of Cost Accounting Practices-Through Germany, Japan, and the United States. Taipaleenmki, J. and Ikheimo, S., 2013. On the convergence of management accounting and financial accountingthe role of information technology in accounting change.International Journal of Accounting Information Systems,14(4), pp.321-348. Whitecotton, S., Libby, R. and Phillips, F., 2013.Managerial accounting. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.